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+## Linux and Unix and Android
+
+这三个架构之间的区别
+
+#### Linux Goals
+
+- Simplicity, elegance, consistency
+
+- Power and flexibility
+
+- Lack of useless redundancy
+
+#### Android – Design Goals
+
+- Open-source platform for mobile devices
+
+- Support 3rd party apps with robust, stable API
+
+- 3rd party apps compete on level playing field
+
+- Users need not deeply trust 3rd party apps
+
+- Support mobile user interaction
+
+- Manage app processes for users
+
+- Encourage apps to interoperate, collaborate
+
+- Full general-purpose OS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+### File systems
+
+#### Part 1 Review
+
+- Memory Manager(Review)
+
+ - Physical Memory ( no abstract )
+
+ - Virtual Memory
+
+ - Process : VM_area_struct (linear)
+
+ - mmap ( vaddr, __ , __ , file , off , size )
+
+ if ( vaddr = 0) anywhere
+
+ file = fd(file back ) / file = -1 anonymous
+
+
+
+ - phy : Buddy
+
+- File = { a set of Bytes }
+
+- FileSystem = { a set of files }
+
+#### Part 2 Setjmp / Longjmp ( long goto )
+
+```c++
+main(){
+ e = setjump(jx)
+ swtich (v)...//ai
+ bar();
+}
+bar(){
+ foo();
+}
+foo(){
+ if(something erro) long_jump (jx,value)//value tell what happens
+}
+```
+
+`jx` 栈结构 记录下跳转时 `set jump` 所处的所有状态
+
+| ai | stack in main |
+| ---- | ------------- |
+
+
+
+#### Part 3 File System
+
+File Systems = { a set of files }
+
+- Insert / Delete / Searching
+
+Question:
+
+- How do you find information
+- How do you keep one user from reading another user's data?
+- How do you know which blocks are free?
+
+magic number: D0,CF,11,E3...
+
+**MZ:**DOS MZ executable
+
+该文件可以通过文件开头的ASCII字符串“MZ”(十六进制:4D 5A)来识别(“幻数”)。 “MZ”是Mark Zbikowski 的缩写,Mark Zbikowski是MS-DOS的主要开发者之一。
+
+**ELF :**Executable and Loadable Format
+
+ELF文件由4部分组成,分别是ELF头(ELF header)、程序头表(Program header table)、节(Section)和节头表(Section header table)。
+
+
+
+文件中:section
+
+内存中:segment
+
+
+
+文件和目录都是文件
+
+
+
+mount(挂载):
+
+mount 命令用于将某些设备上的文件系统附加到大文件树,加载文件系统到指定的加载点。相反,umount 命令将再次将其分离。此命令最常用于挂载cdrom,使我们可以访问cdrom中的数据
+
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+### I / O
+
+- **Q1: How to drive an I / O (or device)** (Today's topic)
+- Q2: How to Read / Write
+
+Challenges for OS
+
+- For reasons... DMA, Interpretation
+
+ DMA :全称Direct Memory Access,即直接存储器访问。
+
+- Variety of Devices
+
+Sequence vs Random
+
+#### I / O devices
+
+NFC Field
+
+Field Bus:
+
+- CAN:控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network)
+- LONWORKS:Lonworks代表本地运营网络。
+
+USB 本身是个网络
+
+#### Directed Memory Access
+
+同步方式:阻塞式
+
+异步方式:IO 太慢了,通常采用异步,即非阻塞
+
+
+
+低端 DMA:
+
+DMA 发出 `add I/O` 指令,将数据存在自己的 `buffer` 里头,再发出 `add Memory` 指令,将自己 `buffer` 中的数据存入 `Main Memory`,两次总线访问。
+
+高端 DMA:**On fly:**
+
+DMA 发出 `add I/O` 指令,再发出 `add Memory` 指令,直接将数据传入 `Main Memory`,一次总线访问。
+
+#### Interrupts Revisited
+
+要先 `request` 中断线
+
+#### Precise Interrupt
+
+Four properties of a precise interrupt:
+
+- The PC saved in a known place.
+- All instructions before that pointed to by PC have fully executed.
+- No instruction beyond that pointed to by PC has been executed.
+- Execution state of instruction pointed to by PC is known.
+
+
+
+task struct $\to$ files $\to$ file struct
+
+- top-half
+- bottom-half
+
+DMA:
+
+request irq dma:使用 request_irq () 函数来注册中断服务函数
+
+register block (or char)
+
+H / W(HardWare)
+
+Ref:LDD(Linux Device Driver)
+
+
+
+#### Goals of the I/O Software
+
+Issues:
+
+- Device independence
+- Uniform naming
+- Error handling
+- Synchronous versus asynchronous
+- Buffering.
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